Hooliganism in football and other sports as a whole are rare in the United States, in part because of stricter legal penalties for vandalism and physical violence, club markets with their own fan territory, sites that ban guns, stricter security during games, and a stronger political taboo. of class, race, and religion in American sports culture. Although occasional drunk fights take place at matches, they rarely escalate into major brawls comparable to those in Europe and Latin America. [20] In general, hooliganism consists of breaking the rules. Not everyone who is called hooligans breaks the law or is violent, but they usually cause problems of one kind or another. For example, a group of teenagers who are noisy in a museum could be called hooligans. Hooligans are often young people, but not always. Burnham adds that certain types of hooliganism in the United States would not be a crime at all: „Public statements, in song or otherwise, of religious or political hostility would not be punishable in the United States because they would be protected by the First Amendment.” However, it could be classified as „hate speech” in some Western European countries. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, hooliganism is now generally defined as a serious crime in the Russian criminal code. [23] Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms of hooliganism „Hooliganism”.
Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hooliganism. Retrieved 19 October 2022. Britannica English: Translation of hooliganism for arab speakers At least since the 1960s, the UK has gained a worldwide reputation for football hooliganism; The phenomenon has often been referred to as a British or English disease. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [excessive citations] However, from the 1980s into the 1990s, the British government has taken a broad crackdown on football-related violence. While football hooliganism has been a growing problem in some continental European countries in recent years, British football fans abroad have a better reputation. Although reports of hooliganism in British football continue to emerge, cases are now more likely to occur in pre-established locations than during the matches themselves. The violence of the sports masses continues to be a disturbing phenomenon worldwide, sometimes causing a large number of injuries, property damage and injuries. Individual, contextual, social and environmental factors interact and influence each other through a dynamic process that takes place at different levels.
[12] Macro-sociological reports suggest that structural pressures, experiences of disadvantage or a low socio-economic background can sometimes contribute to the acceptance and reproduction of norms that tolerate high levels of violence and territoriality, which is a common feature of football hooliganism. [13] In addition, social divisions within societies facilitate the development of strong bonds within the group and intense feelings of antagonism towards outsiders, which can facilitate group identification and influence the likelihood of fan violence. [13] The words hooliganism and hooligan have been associated with violence in sport, particularly football hooliganism in Britain from the 1970s onwards. However, the phenomenon long preceded the modern term; For example, one of the earliest known cases of mass violence took place at a sporting event in ancient Constantinople. Two chariot racing factions, the Blues and Greens, were involved in the Nika riots, which lasted about a week in 532 AD; Nearly half of the city was burned or destroyed, in addition to tens of thousands of deaths. [11] The first mentions of hooligans in English date back to around 1900. This could come from the Irish surnames Hooligan or Houlihan, but this is uncertain. The term hooliganism dates back to about the same period. Olympic medallist Vasiliy Khmelevskiy was convicted of hooliganism for setting fire to a costumed person at a ceremony in Minsk in 1979 and sentenced to five years in prison. [22] Mathias Rust was convicted of hooliganism for, among other things, his landing of the Cessna in 1987 on the Bolshoi Moskvoretsky Bridge next to Red Square. The group — which Maggs says is more of a group of social activists — was convicted of criminal hooliganism because their performance in a church „disturbed the peace of a religious institution.” Maggs explains that even though the performance didn`t seem to interrupt an actual service, people often pray in Russian churches even when services aren`t taking place, and Pussy Riot may have „disrupted” the church atmosphere for them. The group argued that they did so as a form of protest and not out of hatred, but the judge ruled against them.